Cosmos Flower Meaning: Order, Harmony, and the Symbolism Behind Every Color
Spanish missionaries in 16th-century Mexico gave this flower its name.
They looked at the eight petals arranged in a flawless ring and saw something orderly in a chaotic world. So they borrowed the Greek word kosmos — meaning harmony or ordered universe.
That is a heavy name for a plant that will happily seed itself into a gravel driveway.
But the missionaries had a point. Hold a single cosmos bloom up to the light and the symmetry is almost mathematical. Eight broad ray petals, evenly spaced, around a yellow disc.
Meanwhile the plant itself is pure cheerful mess — six feet of lanky stems and thread-fine leaves, flopping over whatever it leans on.
Order in the flower, wildness in the plant. That tension is exactly why cosmos has collected such a rich set of meanings over four centuries.
🌸 Flower Profile
| Scientific Name | Cosmos bipinnatus (garden cosmos); Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos); Cosmos atrosanguineus (chocolate cosmos) |
| Family | Asteraceae (the daisy and sunflower family) |
| Origin | Mexico and the highlands of Central America, with some species reaching the southern United States |
| Blooming Season | Midsummer through the first hard frost — roughly July to October in most temperate gardens |
| Primary Meaning | Order, harmony, and peaceful balance — plus modesty, wholeness, and the beauty of simple things |
Color Meanings
Table of Contents
1. Pink
Meaning: Gentle affection, young love, and the kind of warmth that does not demand attention
💡 At a Glance
Shade Variations: Blush and pale rose — the softest end. These read as innocence and new beginnings, which is why they turn up in christening arrangements and baby showers.
Candy pink — the standard garden shade, found in old cultivars like Sensation Pinkie. Cheerful, uncomplicated affection.
Deep rose and magenta — cultivars such as Dazzler and Rubenza, which opens a near-wine red and fades to dusty rose. The deeper the shade, the more the meaning shifts from sweetness toward real devotion.
Picotee pink — white petals edged in crimson, as in the Picotee strain. Florists read this as a love with a secret, or an affection that has survived something.
Stems & Styling: Cosmos has hollow, wiry stems that bend toward light. Use that instead of fighting it — let the stems arch and the bouquet will look gathered rather than arranged.
Stem counts borrowed from rose tradition still apply: three for I love you, nine for lasting affection, twelve for a complete declaration. But cosmos looks sparse in small numbers, so florists often go to fifteen or twenty-one.
Pair pink cosmos with dahlias for weight at the base, scabiosa for matching airiness, and a few stems of bronze fennel or grasses for texture. Avoid anything with a dense round head like a carnation — it makes cosmos look accidental.
Cut in the early morning while the petals are still cool. Strip the lower leaves and the stems will last noticeably longer.
Pink cosmos is a flower that refuses to be impressive.
That is its entire personality.
It will not hold a shape in a vase. It will not stand up straight in a border. Left alone, it grows to chest height and then leans on the nearest sturdy neighbor like a friend who has had one glass too many.
And yet it keeps blooming. From July until the first real frost, without a pause.
The Spanish missionaries who named it saw the symmetry first. Eight petals, perfectly spaced. In an age when gardens were designed as diagrams of divine order, that mattered enormously.
They were working in Mexico, surrounded by a flora that European botany had no categories for. Cosmos was legible. It looked like the universe behaving itself.
The Victorians found a different use for it. Their flower dictionaries assigned cosmos to modesty — a virtue they prized above almost anything in a young woman, and one they liked to receive in writing.
A pink cosmos in a posy said: I notice you, and I am not going to make a scene about it.
There is a reason this meaning stuck so firmly to pink in particular.
Pink is what cosmos does naturally. The reds and oranges and near-blacks all came later, from breeders in the Netherlands, Japan, and the United States working through the 20th century.
Pink is the flower unedited.
If you give pink cosmos to someone, you are not giving them a statement. You are giving them something closer to a long, comfortable silence — the kind you can only share with people you actually like.
That is a harder gift to buy than a dozen roses.
And it is considerably cheaper.
2. White
Meaning: Purity, peace, and wholeness — the clean slate of the cosmos family
💡 At a Glance
Shade Variations: Pure chalk white — Purity and Sonata White. No undertone at all. This is the funeral and wedding shade, read as unconditional peace.
Cream and ivory — slightly warmer, with a buttery cast near the center. Softer and more intimate; better for sympathy to a close friend than for a formal service.
Blush-washed white — petals that open white and pick up a faint pink flush at the tips as they age. Florists read this as a gentle beginning and use it heavily in bridal work.
Double white — fluffy cultivars like Double Click Snow Puff. The extra petals read as abundance rather than simplicity, which shifts the meaning toward celebration.
Stems & Styling: White cosmos is the single best gap-filler in the cut-flower world. It brightens dark arrangements without adding a competing color.
For sympathy arrangements, keep the count loose and uneven. Tight symmetrical designs read as formal; cosmos reads as personal. Twelve to fifteen stems in a simple glass cylinder is enough.
Pair with white anemones for contrast — anemones have dark centers that make white cosmos glow brighter. Add eucalyptus for a cool grey-green, or green amaranth for a draping line.
One warning: white cosmos bruises. Any petal you handle will show a faint brown mark within a day. Hold the stems, never the flower.
Vita Sackville-West wanted a garden for twilight.
She wrote about it in her Observer column in the winter of 1950 — a garden of white, grey, and green, to be walked through as the light went. She was planning it while recovering from a difficult period in her life.
White cosmos became one of the pillars.
The reason is practical before it is poetic. By September most white flowers are finished. Cosmos is not. It carries the whole scheme through to the first frost, six feet tall and glowing.
That combination of persistence and purity is the heart of white cosmos symbolism.
It is not the white of a lily, which announces itself. It is not the white of a gardenia, which comes with perfume and drama.
White cosmos is quieter. Eight flat petals, a yellow eye, and no scent to speak of.Which makes it unusually good at funerals.
Florists know this. A sympathy arrangement built on white lilies says we are honoring a death. The same arrangement built on white cosmos says we are sitting with you.
The first is a statement. The second is company.
There is one more thing about white cosmos worth knowing. It reseeds.
Plant it once in a memorial garden and it will come back the following August without being asked. Then the one after that.
Gardeners who have planted it for someone they lost tend to mention this unprompted. The flower keeps showing up.
That is not symbolism anyone designed. It is just what the plant does.
3. Red and Crimson
Meaning: Deep love, passion, and courage — cosmos with its volume turned up> 💡 At a Glance
Shade Variations: Carmine and bright crimson — Dazzler. Clear, slightly blue-toned red. The declaration shade.
Wine and burgundy — Rubenza at first opening, and Velouette with its burgundy-and-white stripes. Deeper and more serious, read as mature or long-standing love.
Faded rose-red — what Rubenza becomes after a week in the sun. Florists use these aged blooms deliberately; they read as love that has lasted and changed.
Striped red — Velouette and similar strains, where crimson streaks run through white petals. The reading here is a love story with complications, which makes it a surprisingly honest wedding flower.
Stems & Styling: Red cosmos is small-headed for a red flower, so it loses to anything bolder. Do not put it next to red roses — it will look like an afterthought.
Instead, make it the accent in a lighter arrangement. Fifteen stems of pink and white cosmos with five or six crimson stems scattered through reads far better than a red-only bunch.
For a romantic gift, pair red cosmos with dark dahlias and chocolate cosmos for a deep, almost velvet palette. Add ninebark foliage for burgundy leaves.
Twelve crimson stems is the classic complete-declaration count, and it works here because cosmos needs the volume anyway.
There was no red cosmos until people made one.
That is worth sitting with. Pink and white grow wild in Mexican fields. Crimson came out of a breeding program, chased over decades by people who wanted a cosmos that could shout.The first real success was Dazzler, a hot carmine that gave mid-century gardeners something new. Then, decades later, Rubenza arrived from a Czech breeder and did something stranger.
Rubenza does not hold its color. It opens near-black wine red. Over a week in the sun it lightens to rose, then to a dusty antique pink.
One plant, three stages, all visible at once.
Florists seized on this immediately. A single stem of Rubenza tells a whole story about time passing.That is unusual among red flowers. A red rose means one thing, loudly, and means it until it dies. Red cosmos means something that changes.
Which is arguably more useful if you are trying to say something true about love.
The practical problem with red cosmos is scale. The flower is only two or three inches across and the petals are thin. Put it beside a red rose and it looks like a mistake.
So you use it differently. You scatter crimson stems through a soft pink-and-white bunch and let the eye find them.
The effect is a bouquet that looks gentle from across the room and intense up close.
That is a fairly specific thing to say to someone.
And cosmos is one of very few flowers that can say it.
4. Orange
Meaning: Enthusiasm, warmth, and fierce energy — the wild cousin of the family> 💡 At a Glance
Shade Variations: Clear tangerine — the standard C. sulphureus shade, found in strains like Bright Lights. Pure enthusiasm, no complications.
Golden yellow-orange — Lemon Bright and similar. Lighter and sunnier; reads as friendship and good cheer rather than passion.
Deep orange and apricot — richer and warmer. Used in autumn arrangements where it reads as harvest, abundance, and gratitude.
Scarlet-orange — Diablo and Klondyke Red, which push almost into true red-orange. These carry the most intensity: courage, ambition, and the nerve to go after something.
Stems & Styling: Orange cosmos has stiffer, stronger stems than bipinnatus, so it holds a shape better. Use it when you need cosmos that behaves.
For autumn arrangements, pair with rudbeckia, helenium, and rust-toned chrysanthemums. Add crocosmia seed pods for architectural interest.
For a congratulations or new-job bouquet, go bold: orange cosmos, sunflowers, and goldenrod. The whole thing reads as momentum.
Avoid pairing with pink cosmos unless you want a deliberately clashing cottage look — the orange flattens the pink. If you must mix, use white as a buffer between them.
Seven stems is the traditional count for good fortune, and it suits orange perfectly.
Orange cosmos does not need you.
Throw the seed on bad soil in June and by August you will have a thigh-high thicket covered in tangerine flowers. No water, no feeding, no staking.
In parts of the southern United States it has escaped gardens entirely and set up permanent residence along roadsides.This is a different plant from the demure pink cosmos of Victorian posies. Same genus, different temperament.
Cosmos sulphureus is shorter, tougher, and brighter. The leaves are broader. The stems actually stand up.
And the flowers are a color that does not apologize.
Which is why orange cosmos ended up meaning enthusiasm rather than modesty. You cannot look at a Diablo in full bloom and think about restraint.The butterflies agree. Monarchs work orange cosmos relentlessly through late summer, and conservation groups now recommend it as a nectar plant for migration-season fuel.
That has quietly added a second meaning to the color. Orange cosmos has become a flower about giving.
It feeds the insects nothing else is feeding in September. It grows where nothing else bothers.
So if you are sending flowers to someone starting something — a new job, a new city, a business they are nervous about — orange cosmos is the correct answer.
It is not an elegant flower. It is a flower that gets on with it.
Sometimes that is exactly the message.
5. Yellow
Meaning: Friendship, joy, and uncomplicated optimism> 💡 At a Glance
Shade Variations: Primrose and lemon — Xanthos. Soft, pale, almost cream at the petal edges. The gentlest reading: quiet friendship, easy company.
Buttercup yellow — stronger and more saturated, from C. sulphureus strains like Lemon Bright. Cheerful and energetic; good for congratulations.
Golden yellow — warming toward orange. Reads as gratitude and abundance, which makes it a strong thank-you flower.
Yellow with an orange eye — many sulphureus types have a darker center. The contrast reads as warmth with depth, suitable for a friendship that has been through something.
Stems & Styling: Pale yellow cosmos like Xanthos is one of the most useful cut flowers in a modern garden because it bridges pastels and brights. It will sit happily with pink or with orange.
For a friendship or thank-you bouquet, combine yellow cosmos with white daisies, yellow snapdragons, and mint foliage for scent. Keep it loose and hand-tied.
For housewarming, go slightly more structured: yellow cosmos, craspedia for the round yellow drumsticks, and bupleurum for green.
Stem count matters less for friendship bouquets than for romantic ones, so use whatever gives you a generous-looking bunch — usually fifteen or more, since cosmos is airy.
Yellow petals show bruising and water marks badly. Keep the blooms dry when you arrange.
For most of cosmos history, yellow did not exist.
Not a clean yellow. Not in Cosmos bipinnatus, the tall feathery garden kind. Breeders tried for decades and kept landing on muddy cream or washed-out apricot.Then Japanese breeders produced Xanthos, and in 2016 it took a Fleuroselect Gold Medal — the horticultural industry's seal of genuine novelty.
It sold out.
The color is a soft primrose, paler than you expect from a photograph, with a slightly deeper eye. It is also a shorter plant, about knee height, which means it works in pots.
Gardeners who had grown cosmos for forty years suddenly had something new.The meaning assigned to it came ready-made. Western flower language has used yellow for friendship since at least the Victorian era, and nobody saw a reason to change that.
But yellow cosmos does something slightly different from a yellow rose.
A yellow rose is a formal gesture. It has the structure and the gravity of a rose, just in a friendly color.
Yellow cosmos is informal all the way down. Thin stems, flat petals, no scent, flopping sideways in the vase.
It is the flower equivalent of turning up at someone's door without calling first — which, with the right person, is the highest compliment available.
Give it to the friend you do not have to perform for.
6. Chocolate Brown
Meaning: Rare devotion, lasting memory, and survival against the odds> 💡 At a Glance
Shade Variations: Near-black maroon — the classic atrosanguineus. In low light it reads as true black; in sun, deep oxblood. The most dramatic and the most sombre.
Warm chocolate brown — slightly lighter, with a visible russet cast. This is the shade that most obviously explains the name.
Mahogany with a sheen — newer selections like Choca Mocha, bred shorter and more compact for containers, with a glossier finish.
Fertile seed-grown strains — modern breeding has produced seed-raised chocolate cosmos with more color variation, including slightly redder forms. Purists note these smell less strongly than the old sterile clone.
Stems & Styling: Chocolate cosmos is expensive and short-stemmed, so treat it as a jewel rather than a filler. Three to five stems in an arrangement is plenty.
It reads as near-black, which means it needs light around it. Pair with cream roses, blush dahlias, or pale astrantia and the dark flowers will look deliberate rather than dead.
For dramatic dark floristry, combine with burgundy dahlias, black hollyhock, and copper beech foliage. This is the palette that dominated moody wedding work in the late 2010s.
The scent is part of the gift, so arrange it somewhere warm and close — a bedside vase, a dinner table — not a cool hallway.
A single stem given alone carries real weight. It says you specifically.
There is no chocolate cosmos left in the wild.
None. Cosmos atrosanguineus has not been confirmed in its native Mexican habitat in over a hundred years. Botanically, it is extinct where it came from.But you can buy one this afternoon.
Every chocolate cosmos on earth is a descendant of cultivated plants. And here is the part that stops people: the original garden clone was sterile.
It made no viable seed. Not one.
So for roughly a century, the only way the plant continued was that gardeners dug up the tubers, split them, and handed pieces to other gardeners.
Over and over. Plant to plant. Hand to hand.
A flower kept alive entirely by people choosing to bother.It is also a strange and wonderful thing to actually have in a garden.
The flower is a deep velvet maroon, so dark it photographs black. And on a hot afternoon it smells of chocolate — real cocoa, with something vanilla behind it.
People do not believe it until they bend down.
All of which gives chocolate cosmos a meaning no florist's handbook assigned. It means deliberate remembrance.
Not the grief kind. The practical kind — the memory you maintain on purpose, because the alternative is losing it.
Give a single stem to someone who kept something going when it would have been easier not to.
They will not know the story.
Tell them.
7. Bicolor and Picotee
Meaning: Complexity, duality, and a love story with history in it> 💡 At a Glance
Shade Variations: Classic picotee — white petals, thin crimson edge. The most delicate reading: a gentle love with a private complication.
Heavy picotee — the crimson edge widens until the petal is half red. More dramatic, read as a love defined by its difficulty.
Striped and splashed — Velouette and similar. Dark red with irregular white streaks, different on every flower. Reads as a story no two people would tell the same way.
Cupcake and shell forms — fused petals forming a shallow cup, sometimes with bicolor shading. Reads as something contained and protected.
Stems & Styling: Bicolor cosmos is busy, so give it room. Do not combine it with other patterned flowers — no striped carnations, no variegated foliage.
Build around it with plain whites and solid greens. White cosmos, white phlox, and simple foliage let the picotee pattern register.
For a wedding bouquet with narrative weight, pair picotee cosmos with garden roses in a single soft shade and a little astrantia. The pattern provides all the detail the bouquet needs.
Cut picotee cosmos when the flower has just fully opened. The color edge is sharpest then and softens as the bloom ages.
For stem counts, two stems traditionally means mutual feeling — and for bicolor, that reading lands well.
Breeders made picotee cosmos by selecting for indecision.
That is the honest version. The pattern — white petals with a thin crimson rim — comes from genetic instability. The plant cannot commit to a color, and somebody decided that was the interesting part.The Victorians had a system for this. In their flower language, striped blooms meant a complicated answer. Send a striped carnation and you were declining — but declining with a story attached.
Bicolor cosmos carries a gentler version. Not refusal. Just acknowledgment that things are not simple.
Which turns out to be a selling point.
The cut-flower growers who brought picotee back were part of a broader movement — small farms supplying seasonal stems that no wholesaler could offer. Picotee cosmos was perfect for them precisely because it is unreliable.
You cannot ship it. You cannot standardize it. Every flower is slightly different.Brides started asking for it around the mid-2010s, as the tight white round bouquet went out of fashion.
Some of them liked the look. Some of them liked what it said.
A pure white bouquet makes a claim about starting fresh. A picotee bouquet admits that both people arrived with a history, and that the history is part of the point.
The other charm of striped cosmos is for gardeners.
Because the pattern is unstable, saved seed throws surprises. Plant it for a few years, select the ones you like, and you are quietly breeding your own strain.
Very few flowers still let an amateur do that.
Cosmos does, because it never fully got organized — which is a funny thing for a flower named after order.
Gift Guide by Occasion
1. Housewarming or new home
Bring a jar of cosmos, not a wrapped bouquet. The recipient is surrounded by boxes and will not want to hunt for a vase. Fifteen to twenty stems of mixed pink and white in a simple mason jar, no cellophane. If they have a garden, add a packet of Sensation Mixed seed to the gift — cosmos reseeds, so it becomes a permanent part of the new place. Avoid the orange sulphureus types here; they read as energetic rather than settling.
2. Sympathy and memorial
White cosmos is one of the best sympathy flowers available and almost nobody uses it. Twelve to fifteen stems of Purity in a plain glass cylinder, loosely arranged, no ribbon. Lilies make a statement about death; cosmos sits with the person instead. For a longer-lasting gesture, give chocolate cosmos tubers or a potted plant with a note about the extinction story — a flower kept alive by people who chose to keep it going is an unusually apt thing to give someone in grief. Plant it in a memorial garden and it returns every August unprompted.
3. Congratulations — new job, promotion, graduation
Go orange. Cosmos sulphureus in tangerine or Diablo scarlet, combined with sunflowers and goldenrod, reads as momentum rather than politeness. Seven stems is the traditional good-fortune count. For a graduation specifically, tie in the school colors if any of them are orange, yellow, or crimson — cosmos covers all three. Hand-tie with raffia rather than a florist wrap; the informality suits the occasion.### 4. Anniversary or long-term love
Rubenza crimson cosmos is the right call because it fades through three shades on the same plant — wine to rose to dusty pink. Build an arrangement with five or six crimson stems scattered through fifteen stems of pink and white, so it looks soft from a distance and intense up close. For a milestone anniversary, add three stems of chocolate cosmos for scent and for the meaning: something maintained on purpose, for a long time. Twelve stems total for a complete declaration.
5. Wedding and bridal bouquet
Cosmos is the backbone of the loose meadow bouquet that replaced tight round posies. Use picotee or Velouette if you want pattern and narrative, Purity white if you want clean and luminous. Build on dahlias for weight at the base and scabiosa for matching airiness. Critical practical note: cosmos wilts fast in heat and bruises if handled, so the bouquet must be assembled the morning of and kept in water until the last possible moment. Have the florist make a spare. Never hand a bride cosmos that has been sitting in a hot car.
6. Thank you or friendship
Pale yellow Xanthos with white daisies, yellow snapdragons, and a few sprigs of mint for scent. Hand-tied, loose, no structure. Yellow carries friendship in Western flower language without any romantic overtone, which makes it safe for a colleague, a neighbor, or a friend's partner. Keep the blooms dry while arranging — yellow petals mark badly. Fifteen stems minimum, since cosmos is airy and a small bunch looks mean.
7. Apology or difficult conversation
Pink cosmos, and keep it modest. Victorian flower language filed cosmos under modesty and the joy of a tranquil mind, which is close to exactly the right register for an apology. Nine stems of soft pink, no red, no extravagance — a large expensive arrangement reads as buying your way out. Deliver it in person if at all possible, in a jar, with the apology spoken rather than written on a card.
The name is the oldest part of the story. Spanish missionaries working in Mexico in the 16th century looked at the flower's eight evenly spaced petals and reached for the Greek word kosmos — order, harmony, the universe behaving itself.
That word carried a double meaning in Greek thought. Kosmos meant ordered arrangement, but it also meant ornament — the root behind the English word cosmetic. The missionaries got both readings in one name: a flower that was decorative and mathematical at once.
Seed reached Europe through Madrid's Royal Botanic Garden in the late 1700s, and from there spread across Britain and America through the 19th century.
By the Victorian era, cosmos had earned a place in the language of flowers — the elaborate code of floral meanings that let people send messages they could not say aloud. Victorian floral dictionaries filed it under modesty and the joy of a tranquil mind.
That was high praise in a culture obsessed with decorum. A cosmos in a posy was a compliment about character rather than beauty.
The same era's rule about striped flowers meaning a complicated answer later transferred onto picotee and Velouette cosmos, which did not yet exist. Flower language outlived the flowers it was written for.
In the 20th century, cosmos went two different directions. In Britain it became a pillar of the cottage garden and later the white-garden tradition that Vita Sackville-West established at Sissinghurst in 1950.
In America it became something closer to a roadside native — seeded along highways by state transportation departments, naturalized across the South, and planted in millions of butterfly gardens as monarch nectar.
And Cosmos atrosanguineus, the chocolate-scented species, became horticulture's best argument for its own existence. Extinct in the wild for over a century, it survived entirely because gardeners divided its tubers and passed them along — a species carried forward on nothing but human affection.
-
Cut in the early morning. Cosmos stems are hollow and lose water fast. Cut while the plant is still cool and plunge the stems straight into a bucket of water you brought with you to the garden.
-
Pick when just opened, never in bud. Cosmos buds do not reliably open after cutting. Choose flowers that have fully unfurled within the last day or two.
-
Strip all lower foliage. The feathery leaves rot quickly underwater and foul the vase. Remove everything that will sit below the waterline.
-
Change the water every two days and re-trim the stem ends at an angle each time. Hollow stems clog easily, and a fresh cut restores uptake. Expect five to seven days in the vase.
-
Never touch the petals. Cosmos bruises at a fingerprint and the mark browns within a day. Handle by the stem only, especially with white and pale yellow varieties.
-
Keep arrangements out of direct sun and away from fruit bowls. Heat wilts cosmos within hours, and the ethylene gas from ripening fruit will shorten vase life dramatically.
-
In the garden, deadhead relentlessly. Cosmos blooms harder the more you cut it. Stop deadheading in September and let some flowers set seed — it will reseed itself for next year at no cost.
📌 Quick Summary
-
Pink — Gentle affection, young love, and the kind of warmth that does not demand attention
-
White — Purity, peace, and wholeness — the clean slate of the cosmos family
-
Red and Crimson — Deep love, passion, and courage — cosmos with its volume turned up
-
Orange — Enthusiasm, warmth, and fierce energy — the wild cousin of the family
-
Yellow — Friendship, joy, and uncomplicated optimism
-
Chocolate Brown — Rare devotion, lasting memory, and survival against the odds
-
Bicolor and Picotee — Complexity, duality, and a love story with history in it
More Flower Meanings
The thing about the name still gets me.
Missionaries looked at a flower that grows six feet tall, flops over sideways, and seeds itself into cracks in the pavement — and they called it order.
They were not wrong. The bloom itself is immaculate. Eight petals, evenly spaced, around a yellow eye. It is the plant holding the flower up that cannot be trusted.
Which is a fairly accurate description of most things worth having.
If you take one practical thing from all this, make it the chocolate cosmos. Not because it is the prettiest — it photographs almost black and the stems are short. But because it is the only flower you can give someone that comes with a true story about being kept alive on purpose.
A species with no wild home left, passed hand to hand by gardeners for a hundred years, surviving on nothing but the fact that people liked it.
Plant some pink cosmos too. It costs almost nothing and it will come back every August whether you remember it or not.
That is the other kind of devotion.
댓글
댓글 쓰기